Was the Reconstruction Period a Failure

Was Reconstruction a failure? As the bloody Civil War drew to a close, the period of reconstruction began to take shape across the states. There were many questions aroused following the war regarding the physical re-building of the nation, demobilisation and most importantly what was to replace the pre-war norm of slavery? America’s position on the latter, was of course both vague, with differing opinions from the North to the South, these differences which should have been settled with the outcome of the Civil War meant the war on the battlefield had transgressed to one on a social and political level.However as Michael Les Benedict quite aptly states that ‘winning had been more important than figuring out what to do afterwards,’ which resulted in a sporadic reconstruction being forced by dissimilar motives. When looking at how successful the Reconstruction period was in America one should consider the intentions behind such Reconstructing, this poses the questi on therefore of whether the period was one of rebuilding relations between the North and the South or between the slaves and citizens?This essay will look at therefore the attempt at creating an increasingly harmonious nation with the interruption of unstoppable de facto discrimination that made reconstruction a void period. When discussing the reconstruction some decide to begin with the Emancipation Proclamation where Lincoln addressed the nation on 1st January 1863; â€Å"I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free. This of course was the primary leap into the unknown, however as this was not passed through Congress and there only being a few states state’s emancipated renders 1863 as an ineffectual starting date for the Reconstruction period. However what was important during this time was the role of African American’s in the war which shaped their position in post- war America. ‘By the wars end, some 180,000 blacks had served in the Union Army. ’ Although there was severe dissatisfaction over conscription, the opportunities offered in the army was the foundation for the move towards equality.Primarily it was an opportunity for Afro-Americans to prove their capability and ability to be disciplined; this allowed them to be seen as equals, as equal as possible as the time. ‘Although slavery was still legally intact, in the summer of 1862 General Butler began substituting a system of compensated labour,’ Butler’s recognition of military status of black soldiers was an example of the positive outcome of the war, and what impact It had on integration even though ‘most of the soldiers spoke scornfully of ‘niggers’’ there was an un-admitted truth that the war could not have been won without the help of the Negros.Learning from the military integration and flowing the passing of the 13th Amendm ent in 1865 saw the true beginning of the reconstruction period and as a result there was an increase of active participation of African-Americans in society. ‘Local leaders played such a variety of roles in schools, churches, and fraternal organizations that were bridges to the larger world of politics. ’ The primary source of involvement was through the parishes however Afro-Americans were soon able to work their way further as in 1865 John S.Rock of Boston was the first black lawyer admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court, this showed that ‘slowly the North’s racial barriers began to fall. ’ This positive change not only saw the increased integration of black’s within the judicial branch, however also in the executive, ‘among the ablest were Robert B. Elliott of South Carolina and John R. Lynch of Mississippi. Both were speakers of their state House of Representatives and were members of the U. S. Congress. ’ However such was short lived due to the ever increasing violence from the Ku Klux Klan; this shows that the restoration was limited to the North.As previously mentioned the 13th Amendment was a milestone in the road to freedom or blacks, however ‘the amendment closed one question only to open a host of others. ’ This was because although freed on paper and equal under the law, Afro-Americans were not quite regarded as equal under the eyes of society. The federal government therefore set up a protective organisation; the Freedman’s Bureau which meant ‘there was a freer attitude towards supplying money for plantation equipment, clothing, and food, including salt, bacon, and other necessities for the Negros. The was a successful outcome of the Bureau, however there was obvious weaknesses within the Bureau, commenting on the organisation, a citizen expresses that ‘it would have been wise if our statesmen could have received, digested and acted upon the answers these men [ blacks] gave to their questions. ’ This suggested the nonchalant attitude the bureau had towards the emancipated slaves, rendering the establishment of a new life increasingly difficult without federal aid.Further evidence of the federals restricted willingness to give aid can be seen through their attitude as ‘for a while northerners regarded the proposed Fourteenth Amendment as an incredibly lenient settlement of the Civil War. ’ Prior to this the Civil Rights Act had been passed in 1866 which declared that ‘every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right. This shows that had the 14th amendment seen to be too radical then the importance of the Civil Rights Act had not been thoroughly enforced of accepted. ‘Years before the end of slavery, black abolitionist Charles L. Reason had predicted th at emancipation would impose â€Å"severe trials† upon the freedman. ’ This prediction of course was one of great clarity as during the reconstruction period there was a general neglect of emancipated slaves and a re-establishment and maintenance of white supremacy.The neglect can be seen though the inefficiency to support the released slaves and their struggle during the reconstruction period, ‘finding employment and housing, food, clothes and medicine for the flow of refugees into the Department was almost impossible. ’ There was such little prospect for a freed slave that the result was to work practically how life had been previous to the 13th Amendment just without chains or to get involved with sharecropping which resulted in the increase of Tenant farming. Planters had no desire to further economic democracy, white or black, and no confidence that freedman could farm successfully independent of whites. ’ The lack of confidence in the freed ma n bears question to what it was really the Civil War was fought for. ‘In 1861, the restoration of the Union, not emancipation, was the cause that generated the widest support for the war effort,’ this supports the evidence that there was a lack of concern for the emancipated slaves, as this was not at the forefront of Americans objectives.Quite a profound contribution to the failure of the reconstruction period was none the less than the president at the time, Andrew Jackson. Following the assassination of Lincoln was the beginning of the end for the Reconstruction period as Jacksons interpretation of reconstruction was a reflection of his southern prejudices. Jackson excluded black’s from politics, in fact excluded numerous problems from his time in office; ‘Johnson had always believed in limited government and a strict construction of the Constitution.In Congress, he had moved to reduce the salaries of government workers, voted against aid to famine-stric ken Ireland, and even opposed appropriations to pave Washington’s muddy streets. ’ This could either be described as laissez faire methods of rule or negligence. Although the Civil Rights Act did eventually get passed this was with no thanks to President Johnson, who during what was meant to be the restoration period vetoed it twice meaning its eventual passing through congress was due to an overall majority vote from his cabinet.The lack of the presidents intervention, or acceptance of the Sherman-Johnston agreement reflected the lenience accepted by the executive at the time as it was agreed that ‘the executive authority of the government of the United States not to disturb by reason of the late war so long as they live in peace and quiet. ’ This meant very liberal treatment of the ex-rebels of the Civil War. The leniency toward the de-mobilisation of the South meant it possible for ‘the same people, the same issues that had precipitated the great war to remain. This therefore making the restoration of slavery further possible, rather opposite to the original intentions of restoration, it was what Les Benedict described as the ‘death of the Confederate reconstruction. ’ ‘Laura Towne reported that the freedman would not believe that Lincoln was dead’ as he was the foundation for the emancipation of the slaves and one who had revolutionary visions at a time of prevalent discrimination. As previously mentioned, Afro-Americans were increasingly getting involved in positions and society; however this was not true to everyone and was definitely not on the increase. Cleveland County, North Carolina, counted 200 black members of biracial Methodist churches in 1860, ten in 1867, and none five years later. ’ There is a recurring trend of the laissez faire method of rule or negligence towards the Afro-Americans during the reconstruction period. Under President Ulysses S. Grant the state produced less for ms of reconstructive policies to protect the black’s from a prejudice society. ‘He had won election in 1868 by urging, â€Å"let us have peace,† and he had not intervened in the South until Klan violence had forced his hand. This shows the executives turning a blind eye towards the violence and discrimination that prevailed throughout the reconstruction period. Not only was there negligence towards imposing protection for the emancipated slaves, but there were further restrictions implemented on their freedom such as the Black Codes; Sec. 3. ‘Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said Negro. ’ This shows that although black slaves were meant to have been emancipated, there was always the clause of being emancipated under the control of the white man.The fact the white man had control over the emancipated slave made freed life sometimes harder than t he days of slavery. Additionally although the 15th amendment was passed with the intention of enabling the emancipated the privilege of the vote, it was not long followed by the restrictive Jim Crow laws which had further implication into the post-Reconstruction period and into the twentieth century. The Crow laws not only made it impossible for makes to ascertain suffrage due to the Grandfather Clause, but enabled de facto segregation.The reconstruction period was not only a failure due to the legislation or lack of legislation, but the economic depression resulted in ‘the first great crisis of industrial capitalism permanently altering the nature of economic enterprise, and had profound political and ideological consequences. ’ This meant that due to economic hardship there was a decrease in sympathy towards the Negro who had nothing compared with the white man who had nothing. ‘By the end of 1874 nearly half the nation’s iron furnaces had suspended opera tion’ The reconstruction period was one that saw a plethora of legislative change, however not all for the better.There were many empty promises directed at the liberated slaves, however liberated is not the correct term to use. The emancipated slaves saw little to no improvement in their lives, and not only were the reconstruction a failure with regards improving relations between North and South; it was a failure with repairing relations between the slave and the citizen. The fact the reconstruction period was so short and its ending reverted back to previous times renders the reconstruction period a failure. There remained the underlying intentions, just lacked motivation to implement the reconstruction of the ‘United’ states.Additionally these intentions derived from a handful of just minded thinkers such as Lincoln, however there were too many, with great power who were not yet ready to accept the equality that was preached to clearly in the Declaration of I ndependence, the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th amendment. Therefore as there was such little actual change when reflected against how much legislative change at Washington makes the Reconstruction period a failure as perception, treatment and understanding of a different race did not improve.

The Relationship Between Man and Woman in Araby

Araby James Joyce, an icon of the modernist era had many works that were moving away from the classical styles of literature put before him. Joyce is known for leading his characters towards some kind of personal insight and on the surface, Araby seems to be only about a boy learning about the truth of capitalism. As you dive deep in to his words and meaning however, it is apparent that Joyce’s message is not as black and white as it appears on the surface. This story is also about the relationship between men and women.It is about how women are capable of influencing a man’s actions/behaviors and why men feel as if they need to exert their â€Å"dominance† over women. Joyce purposely makes the protagonist a young boy who chases after an older girl. He does this to elevate the status of the girl and portray her as larger than the boy. He is basically saying early in the story that woman has some kind of superiority over man. The beginning of the story is innocent enough, the boy explains how he plays in the street with his best friend (Mangan) and hides from his uncle so he doesn’t have to go in.This is where the girl is introduced. Neither she nor the boy has a name hinting that they are representative of all men and women. The boy is absolutely infatuated with the girl and it is apparent in the paragraphs right after she is introduced. He watches her from afar, has a certain routine so that he passes her every morning, and even imagines victory due to his love as he walks through his marketplace. She is the focal point of all his thoughts and it is shown that he is helpless to her influence when he utters â€Å"O love!O love! † over and over in private. He is but a helpless romantic during this point of the story driven by his undeserving love for this girl. Their only conversation is a brief, but huge one and what she says and how she acts says all. She plays with her bracelet, signifying the importance of materialistic ite ms in her life and communicating that she would love something from Araby by saying how she would love to go but can’t. The boy bites the bait hard and is hooked immediately to be drug around by the idea of pleasing the girl.Her influence over him increases exponentially after this as he says that he cannot think of anything except her. He can’t sleep, can’t think, can’t read, can’t focus in class and is consumed with the hope that this magical bazaar would grant him the key to the girl’s heart. All these things are clear signs that the girl holds control over him because he has lost all motivation for anything besides pleasing her. The story stays like this, with him obsessing over her until he actually gets to the bazaar as it is closing and his hopes start to fade.Araby is supposed to be this enchanted place with wonderful people and remarkable, exotic items but the boy finds that there is nothing but commonplace junk that he could get fr om his own marketplace. On top of that, he is met by a very distasteful sales clerk who seems very uninterested in him. In most analyses, this is the point of the boy’s insight to the nature of capitalism and realizes that not everything is as pretty as it appears on the surface. This is a very important lesson but it is not the only change that occurs in the boy.The last line of the story is â€Å"Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger. † Joyce definitely did not use passive words to describe the boy’s hurt but chooses a powerful, emotionally charged set of words that paints a very precise, borderline frightening image. He describes the boy as a creature, as if he has lost his humanity and been stripped down to a raw, instinctual beast. A desperate, pissed off animal driven by his feeling of worthlessness with eyes burning from anger and a feeling of deep heartache.These are not words usually used to describe an epiphany about the nature of the world. These are words used to describe the feelings of losing something great, of getting your heart smashed, chewed up and spit out. These are words describing a feeling that this boy will never again want to feel. He realizes that he has opened himself up to be hurt and he was undeniably crushed by his inability to get something that would please the girl his heart yearns for. Joyce was a master of idioms and word choice. He was easily one of the great writers of his time and will always be recognized as such.He is known for writing about how stages in life affect a person as a whole and Araby is no different. Being a great writer of his time he is also a creation of the era he lived in. During his life men believed that they were superior to women, that woman were weak and that they needed a man to support them. It was believed that women were home to weak emotions and men only had time for strong ones makin g them better than women. To say that Joyce wrote a story in which he acknowledges that women have some kind upper hand on men may seem inept but he does a good job of answering why men behaved and felt this way.His reason is that men cannot cope with these â€Å"weak† emotions so they shut them out. The boy in the story â€Å"Araby† is met with his first heartbreak due to the fact that he can’t please the girl that he so desperately desires and immediately becomes this inhuman creature full of anguish. In a time where men are supposed to be the bread-winners; strong confident figures that controls their household, these feelings are unacceptable. It is why men must exhibit nothing but â€Å"strong† emotions and exude their dominance over women, for the fear of being emotionally shattered in the face of them.

The World Is Growing Smaller And More Independent Education Essay

Since the universe is turning smaller and more independent, there is a greater demand of planetary instruction. The universe is altering all the clip. On the concern and political relations web log ( 2010 ) I found the following interesting definition of globalization: Possibly the truest definition of Globalisation is in fact the fortunes of Princess Diana ‘s decease and how this account is brought to you. How come you inquire? Well, seek this for size: An English princess with an Egyptian fellow clangs in a Gallic tunnel, in a German auto with a Dutch engine, driven by a Belgian, rummy on Scots whiskey, followed closely by Italian Paparazzi, on Nipponese bikes ; treated by a Gallic physician, utilizing Brazilian medical specialties. You ‘re likely reading this on your computing machine, that uses Chinese french friess, on a Korean proctor, assembled by Bangladeshi workers in a Singaporean works, transported by Indian truck drivers, to a Grecian ship, hijacked by Indonesians, unloaded by Sicilian stevedores, and trucked to you by Eastern European drivers. That is true Globalization! You see, globalization is an economic, a societal and a cultural phenomenon! We all live in the same universe, so all of us feel the alteration. Specifying instruction and globalization Globalisation. Before we ‘re traveling to compose about the effects of globalization it ‘s necessary to cognize what globalization means. Despite we use the term ‘globalisation ‘ for a long clip ; it is still really hard to happen a good definition. In 1985 the economic expert Theodore Levitt described globalization as alterations in planetary economic sciences impacting production, ingestion and investing. It was a globalization of markets. The term was shortly used for political and cultural alterations. That ‘s because it can intend different things to different people. It ‘s like everybody has his ain vision of it. Furthermore, different civilizations have different outlooks of gustatory sensation and criterion. Actually globalization is non something that late emerged, but the effects became clear merely in recent old ages. At the clip of geographic expedition, a long clip ago, people were already working across boundary lines, the economic involvements were paramount. World War II did stagnate the universe trade, this is made clear by several economic crises. However, the procedure of globalization did n't halt. The innovation of the steam engine, the steamer and the train made longer trips possible. Furthermore, the innovation of the telephone made certain that it was no longer necessary to travel on a trip merely to interchange information. Many other developments, including the outgrowth of assorted media, but besides international organisations and improved substructure guarantee that globalization will turn faster and bigger. At the really get downing globalization was an exchange of goods. Trade was the ground for contact. Though the footing has still an economic motivation, globalization is besides a societal and cultural exchange. Internet made this distribution a batch easier. Fifty old ages ago it was customary to analyze at a nearby university, or at least nearby your place. Today one out of 30 pupils ( for a given period ) goes survey in another state. In many companies it is common for workers to work in another state for a fixed period. Because of this it is more possible to do contact with other people, friendly relationships and even relationships. Guest workers, who for economic grounds are located in another state, frequently guarantee that the whole household comes to populate at that place. These developments provide a more assorted population. figure 1 – All subjects related to globalization Beginning: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bized.co.uk/ ) In figure 1 you see what globalization for illustration could affect, but in this paper we ‘ll manage planetary instruction. All this was made possible by a batch of different things, for ex. engineering, communicating webs, internet entree, growing of economic cooperation and motion to free trade. The cyberspace made it a batch easier to traverse the boundary lines, to work and pass on. The velocity of the intelligence through media is besides good grounds. How long did it take before we knew about the temblor in Japan or the events of September, 11? We frequently say that the universe is a little topographic point, it ‘s like we ‘re populating in one large small town. More and more goods are traversing the boundary lines. You do n't necessitate to travel to Spain for tappa or to America to purchase denims of Tommy Hilfiger. And when you ‘re traveling on a vacation, sometimes you will see goods from Belgium, like pears in Japan or Cote d'or in Austria. It ‘s besides possible to order goods from all over the universe on the cyberspace, it is still a turning concern. Nowadays it is impossible non to work over the cyberspace, it is assumed that every company has a web site and an electronic mail reference to acquire in touch. Factories all over the universe are unifying, so it ‘s frequently necessary to talk a batch of different linguistic communications. The free trade and the worldwide market detonation have led to the clang of some mills and a enormous growing of others. Vacations, music, nutrient, apparels, †¦ from different civilizations have enriched life. In the 21th century there are more adult females and coloreds in the working circuit. All this has besides a monetary value ticket: a turning fright, aggression, favoritism, biass, colliding civilizations, †¦ Political leaders from industrialized states are standing under force per unit area to protect the bulk from the turning minorities. That ‘s why there ‘s a limitation of in-migration and a reclamation of work license. For a long period globalization merely involved grownups. Childs have long been excluded. The last twelvemonth we get more and more grounds that this is altering. Like English to kindergartners or pupils on a joint undertaking working together with kids from other states. In every school, they say that the intent of instruction is to do kids or immature people ready to take a function in society. Education. After holding explained the term globalization, it ‘s besides necessary to understand good the term instruction. Education is more than traveling to school. Education is the key to growing and poorness decrease in a state. It is possible to separate between schooling, vocational preparation and third instruction in the national context and foreign instruction in the international context. Schooling includes primary and secondary instruction. Vocational preparation includes a preparation to exert a peculiar business or profession. Third instruction includes higher instruction in the state of abode. When a pupil wants to follow his higher instruction abroad, it ‘s called foreign instruction ( Labu, A. , 2009 ) . A good quality primary and secondary instruction is necessary for third instruction. Furthermore, good quality and appropriate instruction determines the development and productive employment ( Al-Samarrai and Bennell, 2003 ; Tye B. B. , and Tye K. A. , 1992 ) .Global instructionIntroduction As you see it ‘s of import to bask a good instruction, a planetary instruction, to assist out in this universe. Education is regarded as a public good. So first it is non-excludable: it ‘s a good for everyone, cipher can be excluded from it. Second, it is non-rival: if one individual usage this good, another is non affected by it. Education starts in the primary school. Primary instruction starts when you ‘re around 3 old ages old, it ‘s based on supplying literacy and numeracy accomplishments. After this, secondary instruction follows. In secondary schools it ‘s frequently possible to follow the last twelvemonth in another state. The phases of instruction are interlinked, good quality instruction is of import for third instruction. A good quality and appropriate instruction besides provides a good base for productive preparation and employment chances. Higher educated workers earn more, so more instruction raises rewards and likely besides economic public presentation ( Labu, A. , 2009 ) . The effects of instruction seems larger in low-income states, this might be consistent that it ‘s besides of import for the catch-up. The catch-up theory says that low-income states have the possibility to turn faster than others. The low-income states have a low capital in contrast with richer states. A similar capital injection in the economic system will hold a bigger advantage for the development states. Education and migration There are different pull and push factors for migration. Engage differences between states are frequently the most of import. Education is besides an of import determiner of migration. There ‘s an of import difference between lasting and impermanent migration. Carrington and Detragiache ( 1998 ) investigated the lasting migration. Their survey was based on the migration of 61 developing economic systems and 25 developed economic systems. They found that small or no instruction cause limited entree to international in-migration. They besides found that immigrants are better educated than the remainder of the population of their state. The effects of trade on instruction Trade can hold macro effects and micro effects. You can hold a macro consequence when it is necessitating that a state specialize in certain types of instruction. There ‘s a micro consequence when a state has to specialise itself in certain maps, where small preparation and instruction is needed. So we see trade can besides impact the supply of instruction. Trade can hold macro effects as the imports and exports shift the construction of the economic system, so states specialize in certain types of instruction ( Wood and Ridao-Cano, 1999 ) . On the other manus, there are micro effects of states that have to specialise in certain maps. Kaplinsky ( 2000 ) said that trade besides can impact the supply of instruction and act like a replacement or complement to national proviso. figure 2 – The effects of trade on instruction Beginning: Te Velde, W. , 1999. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1820.pdf vanaf P 37! Education as a concern The growing on international trade has its consequence on instruction. As the economic systems of developing states merge, the demand for instruction has multiplied. In the past nine old ages, higher instruction has increased with 53 % , worldwide there are 153 million university pupils ( Labi, A. , 2009 ) . Many companies, private and multinationals, have helped when there was a robust growing of demand of the educational private sector. The United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) has identified that the private ( higher ) instruction establishments are the fastest turning sector worldwide ( Altbach et al. , 2009 ) . The outgrowth of digital, distance and practical acquisition makes clear that information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) has had a large impact on planetary educational development and promotion. The Apollo Group is a good illustration of a private company that is supplying chances for distance acquisition. There are besides educational related services and merchandises, like Smartschool and Blackboard. They give a really good service. Such merchandises provide schools with an intranet service. Blackboard connects pupils and instructors, so they can pass on over the cyberspace. Students can post messages and happen class stuff. Teachers can besides assistance with scaling and maintaining path of pupils assignments. Over 5000 establishments are utilizing Blackboard. Nowadays Blackboard has his portion of struggles. Some of them are traditional client service issues, but others are more of import, because of the new educational theoretical accounts. Many have expressed defeat and left Blackboard for rivals. Public instruction, course of study and teaching method Social, political, economic and environmental issues seem to exceed boundary lines. That ‘s why it ‘s really of import to make a comprehensive andiˆ interdisciplinary attack that gives pupils the possibility to make accomplishments to suit a scope of challenges. As you see, new cognition and accomplishments were added to the course of study as the universe became more complex. By advancing planetary instruction we increase our opportunities to vie economically with the universe. More than three hundred old ages ago the lone of import thing in school was reading en authorship and sometimes faith. Old ages subsequently there was besides spelling, math, Latin and a few scientific disciplines, but still merely a few kids attended school. Immigration, industrialisation and urbanisation placed new demands on the educational system. Because the mills recruited the kids from the farms as good the kids from other topographic points, the metropoliss became bigger and bigger and a different sort of school was necessary. This school was much bigger and pupils followed their course of study with age-mates. Secondary schools began to look, but they served merely a few. After primary school the male childs did the work of their male parent and the misss helped at place. Thingss like history and geographics seemed unreal and excessively far off. Even today it is frequently a less popular class. The engineering of the twentieth century changed it all. The outgrowth of the auto industry made it possible to work further from place. Besides air travel made the universe smaller. Everyone could maintain in touch by phone. Peoples became more and more aware of the universe. Radio and telecasting brought the universe into our suites In merely a few coevalss the universe was turning smaller and smaller. In the nineteenth century and even in the twentieth it was a large event for kids to travel to the market, but today they travel to other states. At the terminal of the twentieth century there were more people on the move around the universe than of all time earlier. There for it was besides necessary to make international schools. In the 21th century it is of import that there ‘s a planetary instruction. Teachers have the occupation to do pupils planetary citizens. There is no widely accepted definition. In the term planetary citizens you here citizenship, what means that you are loyal to your town or state. Within the planetary context it is necessary foremost to understand the local environment. Banks ( 2003 ) says that it is of import for pupils to understand how life in their cultural communities influences other. He besides says that citizens need the cognition, attitude and accomplishments required to work within cultural communities. It is no longer plenty to place and care about planetary issues, but we must develop empathy every bit good. Educators are still seeking to calculate out how to learn understanding and empathy. The International Baccalaureate Curriculum. The International Baccalaureate ( IB ) Curriculum is a plan that involves more than 3000 schools all over the universe, six of them are in Belgium. IB makes it possible to analyze everyplace. Parents who have to work in another state do non hold to be afraid that their kids do non hold any instruction. The International Baccalaureate has three plans of survey for pupils between ages 3 to 19. So they say, they offer an ‘international instruction ‘ . The International Baccalaureate is widely distributed, even in the remotest states it ‘s possible to happen an IB school. For illustration in Mongolia, one of the universe ‘s most stray capital metropoliss with a population of merely 800 000 people is the International School of Ulaanbataar ( ISU ) . We can state that pupils have entree to an international educational web, even in the most distant countries of the universe. Like all things in life, it is non without critics. Some people argued that the IB course of study was originally created that kids of diplomats could gain an international grade. So it could merely be accessible to an elect group of pupils. Others say that the Godheads of the plan have other culturally specific pedagogical outlooks, than are present in some parts of the universe. Charter schools. The Charter schools are primary or secondary schools in the United States that receive public money and like other school, besides private contributions. Charter schools are accountable to their patrons to bring forth positive academic consequences. There is some contention over the schools. A recent survey conducted by the Massachusetts Teachers Association found that it ‘s harder for pupils to acquire entree in a charter school. The survey suggests that a charter school merely wants the ‘good pupils ‘ . They even noticed that one out of two charter schools fresher will non do it to their senior twelvemonth. Some argue that charter schools do non force pupils out, but supplying a more strict course of study than other schools. Internationalization of universities. Universities all over the universe are working hard to go international recognized. They try to do this possible by making an international campus or international partnerships. The many motives for the internationalisation are commercial advantage, cognition and linguistic communication acquisition. Many universities are making satellite campuses in states around the Earth. The Erasmus Student Network ( ESN ) A is a non-profit international pupil organisation. Their mission is to stand for international pupils, supply chances for cultural apprehension and self-development under the rule ofA pupils assisting pupils. They have different spouses in 34 states. The Erasmus undertaking started in 1987 and in 1994 there were already 60 subdivisions in 14 states. They predict that in 2013 they ‘ll make 3 million exchange pupils. Virtual instruction. Beyond the creative activity of international campuses, there has been a push to supply online classs. Virtual instruction is presenting classs on the cyberspace. It is non instruction in a schoolroom face-to-face, but it can be associated with schoolroom instruction. Peoples do non hold to travel to the existent category to larn a specific class. It ‘s a signifier of distance instruction. It includes independent survey, every bit good as videoconferencing and other instructional engineerings. The World Bank and the UNESCO There are organisations like the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organisation ( UNESCO ) and the World Bank who are working with developing states to supply support and expertness. From 1990 to 2009 the World Bank Lent over more than 7 billion dollars for instruction undertakings in 106 states. One undertaking is the Second Higher Education Project ( HEP2 ) in Vietnam. On the site of the World Bank ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldbank.org ) stands, that the end is to increase the quality of learning and research to better the employability of alumnuss in Vietnam. The World Bank supports non merely higher instruction, but besides undertakings for primary, secondary and information communicating engineering instruction. Presently there are active undertakings in states such as Argentina, Cambodia and Egypt. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organisation ( UNESCO ) works to advance entree to instruction. Many of UNESCO ‘s partnerships are with other UN bureaus, it does spouse with the World Bank. UNESCO besides works together with transnational corporations to assist accomplish its end, conveying instruction to all. A few possible transnational information engineering companies are Microsoft and Intel. They help to supply audience, engineering, partnership and the support for undertakings. Non-governmental Organizations In the past 20 old ages at that place has been an tremendous growing in non-governmental organisations ( NGO ‘s ) . Many of them want to recommend for planetary issues such as instruction, poorness decrease and human rights. Despite that these organisations are working at the basic degree, they have had an tremendous impact on the manner the universe is making concern. One of those organisations is the Women ‘s Global Education Project ( WGEP ) , in Senegal and Kenya. It was founded in 2003 and it says that everyone is entitled to an instruction, irrespective of gender or economic position. This undertaking will guarantee that adult females and misss can construct up better lives. Their main plan, Sisters-to-School, provides scholarship for misss to go to school. They are besides supplying tutoring in accomplishing an instruction. The Sisters-to-School plans impact more than 3000 misss, adult females and households. Three positions of planetary instruction in the United States It ‘s non of import to inquire what footings are being used in instruction, but more of import is to see what ‘s the vision and the intent and how it will impact our kids in the hereafter. World powers. This position assumed that the most of import fact of life was the struggle between world powers and the universe hegemony. William J. Benneth, who was the U.S. secretary of instruction, spoke in his address of 5 December 1986 about the demand to larn every bit much as possible about the universe. Those are the planetary duties of the United States as a planetary power. He suggested that planetary instruction should include geographics, foreign linguistic communications, some foreign literature and a good trade of European history. But most of import is that Bennett suggested that the American pupil should larn about American literature, history and particularly democracy. A restriction of this attack is that it ‘s non planetary plenty. There ‘s no instruction about other civilizations or other states. It is really an uncomplete instruction. Global economic. A 2nd position about the demand of planetary instructions handles the international economic competition. Here they say it ‘s non the planetary world power that ‘s the most of import, but it ‘s the economic power, the planetary capitalist economy. It was non the USSR they were afraid of, but the European Union who was quickly deriving economic land. This was non merely economic importance, but besides political, cultural, military, aˆÂ ¦ In 1950 the economic form of the United States was really healthy. But with the events of 11 September 2001 their economical universe crashed. After that some U.S. leaders saw international instruction as a manner to assist keep U.S. economic strength. So they established export instruction plans. The Congress considered that the economic public assistance will depend of the cognition about international economic system, the international accomplishments in the concern community and the consciousness of the internationalisation of their economic system. The southern Governors besides mentioned the job of ‘international illiteracy ‘ in the United States. This will hold a negative consequence on the ability to vie international. In November 1986 came a no-nonsense study that came right to the economic point: Americans have non responded to a basic fact: the best occupations, largest markets, and greatest net incomes belong to those who understand the state with which they are making business.aˆÂ ¦ We operate in a planetary economic system. There are no more guaranteed markets for our goods. We must compete-and to vie we must be able to communicate.aˆÂ ¦ We can non merchandise goods or thoughts unless we understand our clients and they understand us. The consequence was an increased accent in the schools on geographics, international surveies and foreign linguistic communications. There were besides the ‘sister-school ‘ plans and the instructor and pupil exchanges. They even recommended particular educational plans and aid to concerns ( Marciano, J. , 1997 ) . Humanity. A 3rd position is based on the humanity ‘s duty to the persons and the universe. It ‘s about assisting kids all over the universe to understand the mutualist nature of the human universe and besides larn how to hold a originative and responsible portion in it. It besides handles about the effects of doing picks. Not merely the effects to themselves but to the universe. So it ‘s really of import to command the values needed for doing responsible determinations. That ‘s why it is necessary to larn how to believe critically, decide struggles and work out jobs creatively.[ 1 ] Decision Global instruction involves more than merely a basic instruction. When the universe has changed our outlooks and demands besides changed. Students deal with societal issues that make connexions worldwide. Global instruction creates openness to the large universe. It ‘s of import that people know something about the universe and non merely about what lives in their ain societal circles. Global instruction goes farther than cognition, it besides focuses on accomplishments and values so kids take more solidarity actions. When instruction changed, it was of import to detect other signifiers of learning. It was no longer necessary to sit on a chair and watch the chalkboard. Nowadays it ‘s besides possible to analyze behind your computing machine, to make self-study and even to analyze in another state. All this has to be financed. Gradually there came more different schools, like for illustration charter schools and practical schools.Personal remarkAs from I was a small kid, I knew I wanted to make something with people. When I grew taller I realized instruction was something I truly wanted. When I was reading the text I asked myself if it was all planned from the beginning. The unusual thing of all is that about 50 per centum of my schoolmates are working now in the non-profit sector. Can a school or a clump of instructors truly force you subconsciously in a certain way? If I compare my instruction with the instruction of today there ‘s already a large difference. And if my parents saw my instruction, they were besides surprised by the large alterations in merely a few old ages. The twelvemonth after I was graduated there was a new survey, the survey of humanistic disciplines. As we have seen before I think that ‘s the grounds of the ‘third position ‘ . The feelings and motions of people became more and more of import and that was besides seeable in school. There even was a pupil group for the involvements of the pupils. Students could vote who would fall in the group. These pupils could discourse public issues and form things in school. It is even possible to make your last twelvemonth over in another state. Actually I think that ‘s astonishing. I ne'er did it, but if I had the opportunity to make it, I would! It ‘s a great experience that you ‘ll ne'er bury. In my unmarried man instruction I went to the Netherlands for six months. It was a good considered pick, because in all our classs we heard that in the Netherlands they are socially beyond us. The societal sector is more developed than here in Belgium. So because of my hereafter I made the pick to work over at that place. Presents, during interviews, I still hear it ‘s an advantage that I made that pick. Erasmus is non merely of import for larning more about the work, but most of all larning more about you. It ‘s a journey where you learn more about surviving, standing up for yourself, being critical and more independent. In my instructor preparation I besides learned that when you teach, everything has to come from the pupils. It ‘s non the undertaking of the instructor to speak the whole clip, it ‘s the undertaking to take the pupils in the right way. It ‘s non a surprise to see how school has changed the last old ages. It ‘s really logical that everything alterations after seeing what ‘s go oning and needed in other states. As the universe is turning smaller, more and more people want to go and work all over the universe. Because of that it ‘s really of import that the grades are recognized everyplace. It ‘s necessary that when you get your grade in Belgium, it ‘s besides valid in other states. It ‘s interesting to see how many organisations are involved in instruction. As a instructor you frequently merely see what ‘s go oning in the schoolroom or inside the school, but everything around it is really unseeable. School is more than merely a instructor, some pupils, a chalkboard and some books. It truly is a concern.

Stock trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stock trading - Essay Example Decrease in stock price is a risk which can be offset by getting a put choice that permits the stock to be sold at a particular price and within a certain time. When the price of the stock comes down, the value of the put alternative will raise. The option of stock analysis is resolute by the investors faith in the different prototypes for "how the stock market works". I bought 4,000 PCLN for a price of 82.92 each and paid 25.00 as commission totaling to an amount of 331,705.00 and then when the price of the stock increased to 87 I sold them. Thus I made a profit of 16,270. Similarly I have made profit on GOOG and PBR stocks. This competition has taught me to be careful in what I do. I have learnt some of the technical methods which are useful when trading in stocks and shares. The most important aspect which I came to know is the importance of time frame for the trading to take place. Time frames also teach the alternative of how to get out of a trade. Apart from this I knew that I will have to always keep an eye on the risk factors of trading also. Also I knew that a simple stock trading strategy will help to keep my sanity. Simple trading procedure helped me to carry out my trading strategy efficiently and on a timely basis. The trading competition has also taught me about a new approach to manage my own emotions as a trade. I have also understood how to benefit from the crowd psychology of markets. The three Ms of stock trading also plays a crucial part in the stock market. By three Ms it means Mind, Method and Money. All the three Ms have to be in unison and this is a simple trading strategy which I have learnt from this

Economic Impact of the U.S. Fast Food Industry on the Global Economy Research Paper

Economic Impact of the U.S. Fast Food Industry on the Global Economy - Research Paper Example Fast foods contain a lot of fats and oils, which when accumulated in the body lead to related diseases like Obesity and diabetes. A research conducted by Currie Janet et al. of the National Bureau of Economic Research (Currie, 2009), on the effects of fast food restaurants on obesity and weight gain show that, the establishment of fast food restaurants has a diverse effect on the rise in obesity cases in the U.S. The research focused on 3 million children to compare school children who are 0.1 mile away from a location of a fast food restaurant, and others who are at 0.25 miles. The researchers put the children under observation for a period to compare on the rate of obesity cases. The researchers also conducted research on 3 million pregnant mothers observed to gauge their weight gain over a period (Currie, 2009). It showed that the growth in weight gain among pregnant mothers increased according to the distance form the fast food restaurant that is the weight gain was more to mothe rs who were near the restaurants as compared to those a bit far (Currie, 2009). The obesity rates observed were almost the same to the school children. The research shows that the availability of fast food restaurants affects the rate of obesity because of the low price on the foods which leads to high consumption. The varying distance between the school children bring almost the same effect on obesity because, the children who are a bit far from the restaurants are constraint to budget hence consume less compared to those near (Currie, 2009). The availability of the fast food restaurants has adverse effects on the health sector in U. S. as the state has to intervene on prevention. This affects the economy of the country as the government increases taxes to cater for... This paper stresses that the high growth in economic standards over the world calls for any possible means of easing life. The fast food industry has developed due to the ease of production of its products and its cheap price. The commitments that people have do not allow them to spend much of their time because they want to beat some deadlines. They do not have time to examine how healthy the food they eat is, and its consequences. The fast food industries started in the U. S according to Schlosser, but after the gradual growth, spread to other countries where they have too established a number of branches, for example, the McDonald’s. This report makes a conclusion that the effects these companies have on the economy of U. S occur in the other countries which have started these industries. Most contents of these foods are unhealthy, and have highly contributed to the rise in obesity and overweight problems which relate other diseases like diabetes which are expensive to treat. Treatment of these diseases becomes a burden to the economy of the world. Diseases like these affect the labor input of a country and this acts as a drawback to the economy. Although the establishment of fast food industries affected the economy of the world through the health sector, it has also positively affected the global economy through the provision of labor to employees, which is a boost to the tax department.

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism Essay

What can be done to solve the problems caused by international tourism - Essay Example 39). When it comes to resource usage, international tourism puts pressure on the available natural resources due to increased consumption. Water is one of the resources that is overused for swimming pools, hotels and golf courses among other uses. Secondly, resource usage creates pressure on the local resources such as food, energy and raw materials. Finally, international tourism may lead to land degradation, where the need for recreational and tourism facilities has put pressure on forests, minerals, wetlands and wildlife (Sunlu, 2003 p. 264). The second aspect is pollution, and the main forms of pollution include air pollution, solid waste discharge and sewage pollution. Just as there are varied impacts of international tourism on the environment, so are the solutions. Some of the key strategies that can be used are discussed. First, many have called for the development of Environmental Education, which aims at making the local populations aware and conscious of their environment (Skanavis & Sakellari, 2011 p. 241). Such programs target the tourists and teach them on how best to enjoy their holidays/vacations without causing significant damage to the environment. This appears to be the most effective way since it places the idea of environmental conservation in the hands of the locals and the tourists themselves who are the major stakeholders in this industry. Secondly, there is need for governments and local authorities to put measures in place that will promote responsible and sustainable forms of tourism (Borelli & Brogna, 2000 p. 8). Through this approach, the government can regulate the types of tourist activities that take place in the country . This will also control the materials/products brought into the country by the tourists which could harm the environment. Since this is a legislative approach, there is the likelihood that political interference might derail the formulation of necessary laws. If such legislation or

Should college athletes be paid Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Should college athletes be paid - Research Paper Example The paper tells that since a long time, college athletes have been working with their hearts and souls day after day and year after year for the appreciation and name of their universities. The athletes are bringing huge money in their universities by their outstanding performances, television contracts and other deals. People, who are intrinsically motivated, possess the love for their work and they do not depend on any extrinsic reward for showing good performance. One can easily put athletes in this category. However, taking wrong advantage of this intrinsic motivation is common in most of the universities and colleges in the world. The people running these universities assume that provision of education in exchange of their phenomenal performance in sports is enough but this scholarship is not enough for those who give up their freedom and blood for a one-hour game. Apart from scholarship, they get nothing for their perseverance and struggle. If one goes in depth of this issue, o ne comes to know that athletes are responsible for running a huge business for the colleges and universities. Athletes play the same role for colleges as employees for organizations. One would hardly find any organization, which pays nothing to its employees who bring in a lot of business. Many people argue that it is more than enough if they get scholarship in exchange of their games and practice but the question arises, that can they survive on the scholarship money wholly. Scholarship money includes their college fee, tuition fee, and cost of books but what would they do for their food, entertainment, phone bills, laundry, and many other activities. Had they not been playing for the colleges they would do part time jobs and earn their livings but athletes require a huge time for practice without which they cannot give good performance and get scholarship from college. Scholarship is not just enough for what they give to their colleges. This is causing many athletes leave their co lleges without completing their education and getting into professional sports. Many colleges give bonuses to its teachers and scholars out of the money, which actually comes in because of undying energy and struggle of college athletes. Chris Weber is one of the athletes of University of Michigan; he had to struggle for money to watch a movie on the other hand the university bookshop was selling his uniform jersey for $50. College athlete must receive some sort of payment from the colleges they join or from the NCAA itself. Colleges should treat athletes as humans as they treat every other student. By not considering them the major reason of earning money and refusing to pay, the NCAA and its executives want the athletes to live a life which normal human beings cannot live. Normal humans want return of their efforts and NCCA is not giving this return. Some or other way NCCA itself is putting the college athletes at a disadvantage to not finish their college education and ruin their careers. Many people say that system is fine the way it is and there is no need of paying college athletes but they would understand the scenario only if they were at the place of these unfortunate athletes. One of the clearest examples of exploitation of college athletes is that of NCCA, which signed a contract of one billion dollar with CBS giving them right to broadcast all NCCA basketball tournament games played by their college athletes. Moreover, â€Å"NCAA has a multimillion-dollar yearly budget and it earns over $20,000,000 a year in television contracts† Murphy and Pace, n.p.). Concerning this, Hunter R. Rawlings III, president of the University of

Service Learning Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service Learning Reflection - Essay Example With the experience and learning I gained, I am now more inspired to do my best and serve as a nurse where ever I am needed. Service Learning at Papakolea Garden Since I was a little kid, I have always seen myself as a nurse. Working in the hospital, wearing the coveted white uniform or scrubs, doing rounds, filling patients’ charts, handing out medicines, serving as the doctor’s or surgeon’s assistant. However, my view about what a nurse really is, and what a nurse can do was literally broadened after my 10 hour service learning at Papakole’a Garden. My service learning project was conducted from Saturday, March 09, 2013 to Saturday, April 06, 2013 at the Papakole’a Community Gardens near the neighborhood’s schools. The 60’x80’ plot of land was planted to promote food sustainability, but as the project continued, the produce kept growing and eventually the harvest may even cater to the local community kitchen. I was merely a nu rsing student when I started working in the garden. I didn’t see the connection of health and gardening right away. But as my time in the garden grew, a new image of a nurse started to form in my head – that of the community nurse. A nurse that has all the training and bears all the competencies of a health care professional but has a deep understanding of his/ her own culture, and a proud sense of community. I. What the community taught me about nursing I was born and raised in Kailua, Hawaii and though I don’t have any Hawaiian roots, I can claim that I belong and have a grasp of the state’s culture. Understanding your patient’s cultural background is essential in providing proper and sensitive care for them. The community of Papakolea is quite unique because in its community and infrastructure planning, the wellness of the kupuna as they age is given much priority and high regard. They even built a kupuna supportive living center to cater to the needs of the aging and their families. There are also schools in the area that have sound health and wellness policies and practices integrated in their curriculum. As is observed, the health and wellness of every generation is deemed important in this community. This initiative of the Papakolea government is congruent with the concept of Ohana or family that is a cultural identity for every person that resides in Hawaii. They have actually dubbed their health program as Ohana-health – giving healthcare services with a big emphasis on the importance of families and community relationships as an extension of the family. Being a nurse in this setting taught me about how big of a matter family is to the Papakolea residents and to the Hawaiians as a whole. Since family is central to their wellbeing, then care should be given with the family in mind. In this context, the giving of treatment may also be more effective if the patient’s family is involved as a support system for the patient during treatment. The garden in the community of Papakolea also taught me another integral part of being a nurse. The health of the land reflects the health of its people. The relatively small garden that the community maintains expresses their dedication for wholesome food that is sustainable for everyone in the community. Every resident has access to the community garden and although the produce is mainly allotted for the kupuna, everyone pitches in so that the land’s production is maximized and wholesome food will be available for all. This regard for the environment and the food source

International Human Rights Treaties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Human Rights Treaties - Essay Example Hathaway (588) states that there are two main UN-chartered based enforcements. The two are declarations and conventions. The extent to which declarations are effective enough to attract compliance is limited. This is because; declarations depend on the willingness of the host country to enforce certain laws. In addition, declarations are not legally binding. However, declarations have major political implications in terms of enforcement and the willingness to comply by the members bound by the said declarations. Under the international law on the other hand, conventions are legally binding. According to Neumayer (925), it is common knowledge that international human rights are generally under-enforced. The reason given for this under-enforcement is due to the nature of enforcement of such treaties, which is mainly done through transitional legal processes. The international legal processes in this context refer to the collaboration between various legal institutions across the world. Kinney (1457) also shows the distinct difference between obedience and enforcement. Obedience does not involve any consequences other than the fact that disobedience of the law may have indirect political, economic, and social implications. However, enforcement is subject to punitive measures in terms of violations. This implies that laws that are enforced attract legal measures and implications at the behest of the international community. The situation is often complicated when some nations are not part of any international community.

Understanding Buyers Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Buyers Value - Essay Example Understanding Buyers Value Michael Porter (1991. pp103) presented an internal value chain of an organization from conceptualization to delivery of products to customers and argued that "Buyer Value is created when a firm lowers its buyer's cost or enhances buyer's performance". From the author's perspective, the buyer's value is the positive perception of the buyer herself/himself that the organization has earned amidst many factors that influence the perception. The factors may be behaviour with the buyer, communications carried out with the buyer, clarity & transparency of information provided to the buyer, understanding of buyer's need, personalization of the solution against buyer's needs, discount levels provided to the buyer, value added services provided to the buyer. and after sales services & product upgradation services provided to the buyer whenever requested. It may be possible that the buyer has carried out competitive pricing analysis before the bargaining and hence the seller has to either justi fy higher price by demonstrating tangible value additions or simply quote lower than competition to sell the products. Hence, Porter's argument about lowering of buyer's cost and enhancing buyer's performance again gets applicable if the buyer appreciates these facts from her/his perspective. The firm’s perspective can at the most be to control the factors (value chain management) that can achieve the positive perceptions of the buyer – what the buyer finally perceives is the actual value achieved by the firm. The author strongly agrees about the theory of reduced sacrifice undertaken by the buyer because it strongly influences the perception of the buyer regarding the firm. Discussion Points Elmaghraby and Keskinocak (2003. pp1288-1289) presented the mechanism of dynamic pricing to get the best benefits out of increased customer demands and reduced inventories. In such cases, the firms tend to increase their prices which definitely tend to increase the sacrifice level of customers to acquire the prices. The author wishes to discuss if such dynamic pricing strategies in the attempt to get the best out of "favorable conditions for the firm" cause long term damage to the value perceptions of the customers which may backfire especially when the demands eases. Slater and Narver (1998. pp1000-1005) presented that long term competitive advantages of companies can be improved by carrying out innovations more towards market orientation than customer orientation. This is primarily because customers are grossly ignorant about their needs. But on the contrary it is true that customers perceive value on their own based on their social influences and past experiences. The author wishes to discuss how companies should be able to control the perceptions of customers to achieve positive buyer value if this theory about market orientation should be trusted Conclusion: The author presented own perspective about buyer's value stating that this largely depends upon the factors that drive positive perceptions in customer's mind. The best that an organization can do is to apply effective efforts to achieve this positive perceptio

NARRATIVE FORM in momento Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NARRATIVE FORM in momento - Essay Example The films story is revealed in two separate narratives, one in color and one in black and white, that alternate with each other. The investigations conducted by Leonard are depicted in color and are in reverse chronological order.The scenes of Leonard talking to an anonymous phone caller in a motel room are in black and white and in chronological order. The two narratives merge into a single color by the time the movie ends.One story line movies forward in time while the other moves backwards. The story begins with a murder of a man called â€Å"Teddy†, by Leonard. This scene is immediately followed by a black-and-white sequence of Leonard, in a motel room talking over the phone. The movie then alternates between black-and-white and color sequences. In chronological order the story can be narrated in this way. It begins with Leonard talking on the phone to an anonymous caller in a motel room. These scenes tell a parallel tale, with flashbacks, of the case of Sammy Jankis, that Leonard had taken up as an insurance investigator. Sammy too had met with an accident and had ended up with anterograde amnesia. Leonard investigates and comes to the conclusion that the mans medical claim on the grounds that it was a mental problem and not a physical one was not true. But Sammys wife does not agree, for it means Sammy is faking the disorder. To test him, she asks him to give her three to four insulin shots in quick succession. Sammy readily does this and she sinks into a coma, but she is satisfied that she has proved that his condition was real. Sammy is taken to an asylum. Leonard then tells the caller how his own wife died. Robbers had raped and killed his wife one night. He manages to kill one of them, but the other hits him on the he ad and runs away. He develops anterograde amnesia as a result of this. He is determined to seek

Kant’s Approach to Ethics and the Issue of Suicide Essay Example for Free

Kant’s Approach to Ethics and the Issue of Suicide Essay The Renowned German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential philosophers of the modern age, whose thought, with its emphasis on the subject, turned the wheels of western philosophy to a new synthesis of idealism and realism in the form of transcendentalism. His ethical theory, developed in his reputed book The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, has to be taken along with the spirit of philosophy that enshrines his three Critiques whenever one attempts a critique on ethical issues like suicide as a gesture of self-love. Body of the Essay (Can suicide be ethical? ) Kant holds the theory of intrinsic morality based on the autonomy of human will. Good is good by itself, and the right is right by itself. It doesn’t depend upon the consequences or effects of the action for a human action to be right or wrong. According to Kantian deontological theory of ethics, committing suicide is wrong and unacceptable from any perspective since it is an action that goes against the categorical imperative he proposed as the norm for ethical decisions. His Categorical Imperative runs thus: â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. † (Wolf Robert Paul (ed) Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals: text and critical essays. 1969. p. 44). Each individual subject should decide for himself and act in such a way that he wills that his maxim should be a universal law. (Wolf, p. 21). Let us now take up the issue of suicide. Suicide may be a personally-decided act, on selfish reasons, emotions or recommendations from physical situations (as in the case of euthanasia). In whatever respects it may be, it goes against the Categorical Imperative, and hence, it is inherently or intrinsically wrong to commit it. Kant argues that committing suicide out of self-love is contrary to the categorical imperative because there is a contradiction in a system of nature, whose law would be to destroy life by the feeling whose special office is to impel the improvement of life. (Wolf, p. 45). Rather he thinks that the destruction of life is incompatible with its improvement and that nature always chooses organs adapted to their purpose (p. 13), so that nature couldnt (or wouldnt? ) allow self-love to be used in a way contrary to its purpose which is improvement and nurture of life. In accordance with Kant’s intrinsic morality, the categorical imperative also supports a Practical Imperative, that one has to act so that one treats humanity, whether in his own person or in that of another, always as an end in itself and never as a means only. (Wolf, p. 54). One has to respect and support one’s life because of the dignity implied within. By dignity, he means, unconditional and incomparable worth (Wolf, p. 61). Kant supports this theory with his theory of incommensurability, which holds that moral virtue is infinitely better than anything else. From the perspective of human dignity as well, suicide seems to be an unbecoming action for humans. Conclusion For Kant, reason holds the supreme position (as elaborated in Critique of Pure Reason), and ethics as science, is not rooted in religion or metaphysics, but rather on the inherent worth of existence. Hence, suicide is an unacceptable mode of action even from the perspective of self-love. Love nourishes and does rarely destroy. And even when a bit of destruction is involved, it is only to nurture better that it destroys. Suicide is total destruction without nurture and thus contradicts the very nature of self-love. References Gregory, Mary (ed)(1998) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant. New York: Cambridge University Press Henson, Richards (1979). What Kant Might Have Said: Moral Worth and the Over-determination of Dutiful Action†, in Phil. Review, January, 1979, pp. 39-54). Smith, Norman Kemp (trans. ) (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Wolf, Robert Paul (ed. ) (1969) Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals: text and critical essays. trans. , by Lewis White Beck. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

The Countrys Of Production Possibility Curve Economics Essay

The Countrys Of Production Possibility Curve Economics Essay (B) Assuming that the country is currently producing 40 units of goods and 70 units of services , what is opportunity cost of producing another 10 units of goods? 70-65=5units services opportunity cost (C)Explain how the figures illustrate the principle of increasing opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the best alternative give up for the chosen option. This means without cost cannot make any decision. It also can describe as relation between choices and scarcity. The scarcity is come from factor of production is include labour, land capital and entrepreneur because it is limited resource. Therefore, we need make a choice to get a good product and giving up other product to fulfill. In the figure 1.1, company produces services and goods. In point A order to produce 80 units of services and the goods is 0 units, because the company must use all their resource in producing services. The company produces 10 units of goods and 79 units of services. The increase of goods is 10 units therefore company need to give up 1 unit of services to produce goods because no enough resource to make it. In point b, if the company wants to produce 40 unit of goods, the company could only produce 70 units of services due to the scarcity of resource. In point C, the company has already utilized all the resources in produce 100 units of goods, therefore, the company will have no other resource to produce services in the market. According to figure 1.1, point A, B, and C are the most efficiency allocation of resource in production possibility curve. Point G and F are not efficiency allocation of resource. Point G is the impossible points to produce the output, because the company didnt have enough resource such as labour, land, capital and entrepreneur to produce output. Point F is a wastage of resource, because the company no plan well. For example, Samsung Company produces LCD television and radio. When each additional produce LCD television, Samsung Company will give up produce radio and increase the sales of LCD television, because the resources are limited. When the Samsung Company used all resource to produce LCD television, Samsung Company fully give up produce radio. When increasing produce 10 units of LCD television, Samsung Company will decrease 10 units of radio for the additional producing 10 units of LCD television. So, the opportunity cost is 10 units of radio. (D)Now assume that technical progress leads to a per cent increase in the output of goods for any given amount of resources. Draw the new production possibility curve. How has the opportunity cost of producing extra units of services altered? Table goods and services: Units of goods 0 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 Units of services 80 79 77 74 70 65 58 48 35 19 0 In the figure 1.2, company increase 10 per cent in the output of goods. If the company utilized all the resources to produce goods, maximum units of goods can been produce increase to 110 units. When the company increases producing units of services from 0 to 19 units, units of goods can be produce decrease from 110 to 99 units. That means, the opportunity cost is 11 (110-99=11). While the company increases producing units of services from 19 to 35 units, units of goods can be produce decrease from 99 to 88 units because the resource not enough to produce more than that amount of goods and the rest. That means, opportunity cost is 11 (99-88=11). From the figure 1.2, the opportunity cost of producing extra units of services is constants at 11 units. Example, Sony Company produces camera and android hand phone. In long term, market have potential to increase the unit android phone ,therefore each additional produce android, Sony Company will give up produce camera and increase to produce of android hand phone , because the factor of production are limited. According to NEXUS PRO ECONOMI ASAS by Theng Kock Leing, the opportunity cost can be defined which 2 alternative goods and services when each goods produce must give up some services. 2(A) What are the equilibrium price and quantity? Equilibrium price: RM5 Equilibrium quantity: 12 millions (B)Assume that changes in fashion cause the demand for t-shirts to rise by 4 million at each price. What will be the new equilibrium price and quantity? Has equilibrium quantity risen as much the rise in demand? Explain why or why not. Demand is defined as a consumer desires to own and willingness to buy some goods and services at suitable price and time. Demand also can define as a consumer willing buy and pay for the goods and services. Willingness to get some goods and services without the ability to pay not defined as demand. For example, MR LEE want to buy Proton Saga but he dont have ability to pay the money therefore this is calling willingness not call demand. On the other hand, if MR LEE has the ability to pay the price of car then the willingness MR LEE will become demand. Supply is defined as quantity of goods and services willingness and ability to supply or produce by firm at a suitable price and time set by the consumer. Price will affect quantity supply by consumer because different price will supply different quantity. Supply goods and services will affect by certain period of time. When the changed of certain period of time, supply of goods and services will be changed. According to law of demand, while the price of goods and services increase will affect the quantity of demand decrease assume Ceteris Paribus. On the other hand, the price of goods and services decrease will affect the quantity of demand increase therefore the relationship of price and quantity is negative. According law of supply, while the price of goods and services increase will affect the quantity of supply decrease assume Ceteris Paribus. On the other hand, the price of goods and services decrease will affect the quantity of supply increase therefore the relationship of price is positive. When the demand for t-shirts rise by 4 million, the new equilibrium price is RM6 and the new equilibrium quantity are 14 units. The equilibrium quantity is rise to 14 units from 12 units as rise in demand. When quantity of demand t-shirts rise 4 million, the quantity demand curve shift to right with the quantity supply fix. With the increasing in quantity demand, quantity demand is more that quantity supply at the equilibrium price at RM5. The firm will increase the price of t-shirts from RM5 to RM6 to decrease the excess demand. The new equilibrium will achieve at price RM6 and quantity 14 units of t-shirts. With the quantity supply fix and the changing of quantity demand will make the price and quantity change. As the conclusion, the initial equilibrium price RM5 will change to RM6 and the equilibrium quantity increase from 12 units to 14 units as the increase quantity demand. (C) Now plot the data in the table and mark the equilibrium. Also plot the new data corresponding to (B) Price(RM) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Quantity demanded 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Quantity supplied 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 New quantity of demand Price(RM) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Quantity demanded 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Quantity supplied 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4

Job Order Costing Process Costing and Activity Based Costing

Job Order Costing Process Costing and Activity Based Costing A cost accounting system is the sum methods and techniques used by businesses allowing them to track resources consumed in production and distribution of services or goods to consumers. These methods and techniques are used by the management in order to evaluate and reward staff performance, by employees in order to manage recourses efficiently while the cost accounting system is also used for external reporting requirements meaning balance sheets and income statements. The cost accounting system is usually designed to meet particular needs of individual companies, for that reason there are three main systems businesses apply according to their needs. Job Order Costing is a cost system used to accumulate costs of jobs also called batches. Job order costing is used when individual production centres or departments work on a variety of products rather than one king of a product during a specific period of time. Prime costs and factory overhead costs are the two categories of production costs monitored with this method. Process costing is a type of costing system used for production of small identical, low-cost items. Process costing averages the costs and cant be directly traced to individual products. Activity based costing (ABC) is designed to assign costs to activities. This method has become popular because of the fact that the complexity of businesses keeps growing and so does their need to assign increasingly large indirect costs to the appropriate department or activity. ABC is the process where costing is assigned based on the cause and effect relationship between costs and activities that drive costs. What are major objectives of a cost accounting system in a hospitality establishment? Within hospitality establishments cost accounting systems help successfully achieve the following management objectives: Measuring the various needs and generated revenues of departments Monitoring and controlling the progress of each department Department related data gathered is used to evaluate costs and make proper adjustments and corrections in operating procedures What are the major objectives of a cost accounting system system in a manufacturing company? In manufacturing and service companies cost accounting systems help achieve the following management objectives. They provide the managers with helpful information regarding planning, cost control procedures and determining unit production costs. In most cases manufacturing companies also use a complete job cost sheet which contains Cost Summary and Unit Cost information since manufacturing costs are not immediately recorded as current period expenses. These information include total and costs per unit for: Direct materials, which are the raw materials used in production which costs are directly traceable throughout the product manufacturing process. Direct labour, which are the wages and other pay roll costs of employees whose efforts are directly traceable throughout the product manufacturing process. Manufacturing overhead, is the category including all other manufacturing costs like utilities aside for the above mentioned ones. What are the procedures in job order costing, process costing and activity based costing. Job order costing process is a specific set of events which will usually occur with each job. Generally the process is as follows: an order (or sale order) is received for the batch of products, a production order is issued from the sale order materials and labour are ordered and tracked for the set of products, manufacturing overhead is allocated to the job using a predetermined rate (usually per labour or per machine hour). In fact manufacturing overhead will not affect the work in process account; instead it is changed to a control account. Direct labour and materials are charged by the accountant to the work in process accounts using the actual quantity acquired. These quantities are all tracked using a job costing sheet which will likely be already a computerized ledger and use used for each job. Spoilage which surpasses expected levels based on the job at hand is considered a period cost and is reclassified from work in process account into a separate account so it can be addre ssed by the management. Process costing procedures follow specific procedures and while exact procedures may differ between different companies and businesses, but they generally follow these steps. While other types of costing are initiated when a sale order is issued, a sale order is not required for process costing as it is a continuous process. The work in process accounts are separated departments and are named according to the department they reflect on e.g. Work in process- FB department. The first department in the production process makes the first entry into the work in process account, generally for the raw materials. While the products move from department to department entries are made to each work in process account of each department. Direct labour costs are recorded at each period. Actual overhead costs are recorded; no contra-account in needed because there is no over- or under-applied overhead due to the actual costs being applied. Indirect costs are applied to the overhead account in actual amounts. Activity based costing procedures can be more complicated to set up and operate than other costing systems. The activity based costing procedures are: Only if a cost driver cant be recognized a cost can be assigned on an allocative basis. Related cost pools are assigned to an overhead rate on costs drivers. Cost pools are used to assign costs; the basis depends on the business and industry. Costs can be assigned to units, batches or products. These pools can be combined to look at facilities, divisions, or other levels of cost classifications. Costs can then be evaluated in order to see how and where they are occurring, knowing this the management can discern what cists are controllable and how they arise. Which costing methods (job order costing, process costing and activity costing) are best suited to the following businesses and why: Old Home Bakery, Inc (a bakery that produces to order): It will be able to use job order costing because it is designed for businesses which work with orders rather than mass production. Apache Oil and Gas Refinery: Because the products are similar or identical the process costing is the appropriate method the business should apply. It is also recommended because the company uses an automated continuous process. The Sea View Resort Hotel: the hotel is best recommended to use the job order costing because it offers services and the method is designed for such businesses. Willie Wonkers Chocolate Factory: because the business produces a standard item which units are identical it is best to apply the process costing method. Harris and Harris Law Firm: Since this business offers services in the form of legal counselling or legal representation is it best to use the job order costing which refers to a desired unit which might not be identical to another offered service. Explain and evaluate LIFO, FIFO and AVCO techniques. LIFO stands for last-in first-out what means that recent purchases will be stored recorded and sold before the items that already existed in stock when the purchase was received. LIFO valuation is permitted due to the belief that an ongoing business does not realize an economic profit only from inflation. When prices are rising they must replace the inventory currently being sold with items oh higher prices. It also matches better current cost against current revenue and defers paying taxes on phantom income arising exclusively from inflation. LIFO is preferred by businesses because it delays a major negative effect of inflation; higher taxes. FIFO is the most commonly used method used by businesses to record the value of inventory. It is appropriate when dealing with many different batches of similar products. The method assumes that the next item that will be purchased will be placed at the end of the line of to-be-sold items of that kind meaning what was purchased first will be sold first. In an economy of rising prices (during inflation), it is common for new companies to use this method to report the value of merchandise to boost their balance sheet. While the older and cheaper good are sold the new and more expensive goods remain as assets in the businesss books, financial statement boosted by FIFO also increase the chances a business has to get a loan. AVCO is used to establish the value of an inventory by calculating the costs of units. In practice it provides us the results we want by dividing the total cost of good available for sale with the number of items for sale.

Negative Outcomes from Portrayal of Young Women in the Media Essay

When one thinks of media, one tends to relate media to television, news, magazines, newspaper articles, and so on. Many people do not think of media is something that portrays negative effects on young women. However, young women are more susceptible to lower self-esteem resulting in eating disorders or depression more today than ever before. The media projects negative and undermining images of women and one does not have to look very hard to realize this. The media projects images of unrealistic women who only look the way they do because of plastic surgery or airbrushing techniques. The media has much greater effects on young girls than anything else in our culture today. Our society has created an environment so obsessed with image that those who have the power give disapproval for being overweight, and give approval for being thin. This has created a generation of women so self conscious about their body that it starts to affect their health in many different ways. Where Portrayal Starts On average, boys and girls spend anywhere from two to six hours a day being exposed to television, the internet, magazine articles, video games, and so on. (4) This is a massive amount of time spent over the years viewing media. With time, all the advertisements become normal to us and we tend to accept what is being shown on the television. Some of this is perfectly fine. Watching televison, researching the internet, and magazine articles help one receive information. Although much of this information is a learning opportunity, many do not take the time to consider the negative affects media does have. Over time one starts to see repetitive advertisements and start to tune them out, which then we adapt to this, and it b... ...d how they really are in a positive way. Final Thoughts The outcome of how media effects young teenage girls is a grave concern that keeps growing. Campaigns and advertisements that put pressures on these young girls to be thin are continuously growing. These constant pressures to be thin and beautiful are drawing them away from being themselves. Girls are now starting to resort to harmful eating habits and body dissatisfaction at a young age. These unhealthy habits will start to ruin our young women, and will take an ultimate toll on our future. Women are beautiful the way they are. Our society does not need to take away from the happiness that one has by using computer imaging to bring one down. In a perfect world everyone would look the same and have the same beauty, but it is not a perfect world, which then makes everyone beautiful in their own way.

The Trial And Death of Joan of Arc :: St Joan of Arcs Heresy Trial and Death

On May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV conducted a ceremony at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome to canonize Joan of Arc, often referred to as the Maid of Orleans. This ceremony was the final step in a process that was begun in 1849 by the Bishop of Orleans, Felix Dupanloup, over 400 years after St. Joan’s was tried, convicted and executed in the name of the Church. A study of her heroic deeds and an intensive review of her life, virtues and the trial transcripts that condemned her to be burned at the stake, resulted first in her beatification in 1909, and finally her canonization 11 years later in 1920 (Pernoud 245). Amazingly, two years after that, the woman who had been condemned, put to death, and then canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church, was declared the patroness of France (McBride 82). Jeanne d’Arc was born around January 6, 1412, in the village of Domremy in France (Thurston). At the time of her birth, France and England had been engaged in the longest war in history, which has come to be known as the Hundred Years' War. These two countries were fighting over whose right it was to rule. The English had occupied much of northern France, and the primary issue became the survival of France as an independent state rather than as part of an Anglo-French empire ruled by the English monarchy. The French were determined to drive the English out and crown Charles VII as their king (Reither 227-229).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joan was a simple peasant girl who was raised in a Catholic home as the youngest of five children (Thurston). Her mother was very religious and had a big influence on Joan's life. Joan never learned to read or write, but was skilled in spinning and sewing. She was also always very strong and healthy (Michelet 8). At the age of thirteen, Joan began to have holy visions and hear the voices of saints she identified as St. Margaret, St. Catherine, and St. Michael (Thurston). Her voices convinced her to vow to remain a virgin (Lucie-Smith). When Joan was seventeen years old, the voices revealed her divine mission. Joan was told that she had been chosen to lead the French army into battle against the English, to drive them from French soil. The voices instructed her to go to see Robert Baudricourt, the Captain of Vaucouleurs, who would arrange for her to be taken to see the king (Michelet 12).

Declaration of Independence Essay

Change made by the Declaration of Independence would come in two waves, through, political freedom, and economic opportunity. Political freedom shaped the ideas and ambitions of the revolutionaries, while economic opportunity merely played as bonuses in the Revolution. First, political freedom for the colonies meant breaking away from England and being able to develop a sense of identity and a sense of self-government. This was established in the first steps towards independence, by the writing of the Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson. After Congress revised Jefferson’s first drafts of the Declaration of Independence, it was finally approved on July 4, 1776, and now commonly known as Independence Day. The Declaration of Independence was not a promise to the colonists, nor was it an excuse for the fight against England to occur. The Declaration of Independence was a challenge and a risk with the colonists and the rest of the world. The challenge was to test the morality of the colonists, and to push them to their limit in their fight for independence. Second, Once political freedom created fair taxes for the people, Americans needed not to avoid taxes, which led to more economic and trade opportunities, and the economy was able to blossom with little complaints, unlike the previous results of The Stamp Act and The Sugar Act, which preceded political freedoms. Social status was almost completely unchanged, apart from the ability for people to become important government figures, which could change their status in society, but only in aspect and relation to politics, therefore once again making political freedom more of a goal in the long run. Once the colonies were free from the grasp of the English government, they were able to explore their economic opportunities more freely. Before the success of the Revolution, importing goods came with a heavy price, that colonists were not allowed a say in. It is questionable if taxes are a factor of economic opportunity or political freedom, however the establishment of taxes are put down by government, and whether or not one has a say in the taxes they will pay, depends on one’s amount of political freedom. Finally, For the Declaration of Independence to give any freedom at all, it had to first allow for more political freedom. This enabled the possibilities of a stable economic base in which people and government could stand on. In turn these two freedoms would end up making way for more social and societal freedoms within the new country and constitution.

Describe Your Role in Delivering Learning Class Lessons Essay

I would plan activities in various ship canal such as an informal intelligence with the teacher about what weekly and fooling activities will be taking location. You ar aw be in advance of what you atomic number 18 required to do. There are release roles and responsibilities for you working together with the teacher to verify the pupils. Planning activities is in any case based on pupils individual needs, abilities and interests hence the importance of entire pupil observations and assessments also the continuous roulette wheel of identifying leaning needs, preparing, organising and implementing learning activities. The work you are covering fits in with the activities and topics which relieve oneself been plotted for the term. The object glasss of the learning activity and the type and direct of animation the pupils whitethorn need.The teacher may put provided about time away to discuss each weeks activities with the teaching associate. This would allow for any sug gestions to be made on how to improve or change things. Teaching garters should have a clear understanding of the learning objective for each activity and know what they should be doing to back up the children achieve this. There could be some children with special needs in the class and so will have different aims to the other children and may also require more support.The teaching assistant can plan setting up the room with the correct resources before the lesson takes place and laying out the gameboards and chairs etc, also support may be needed for some pupils, this should have been discussed before the lesson. The teaching assistant could work with one specific table or group of children or just go around the classroom and be available if any of the children ask for help and to identify future learning needs.

Human digestion Essay

The salivary glands are the first to act in the digestive process, which are commonly triggered by either the sight or the smell of solid food. Food enters the digestive piece of ground finished the mouth where the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands attention moisten and break down the food within minutes. The food accordingly becomes something called a bolus, which will travel through the pharynx, thus through the esophagus, and into the place upright. As the food travels through the pharynx the epiglottis is in place to disallow food from entering the lungs.Once the bolus enters the stomach it is broken down with acid secretions. The food is partially digested within the stomach. The bolus then becomes chyme (a semiliquid food). Chyme usually leaves the stomach during a condemnation frame of 2-6 hours. The niggling catgut is where just about of the digestion and nutrient absorption takes place with the care of secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.The s mall intestine consists of three separate the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Anything that is not absorbed in the small intestine then enters the considerable intestine travelling through the sphincter. The sphincter prevents any(prenominal) of the remaining food from re-entering the small intestine. The large intestine is made up of two major parts the colon and the rectum. The colon aids in the absorption of remaining water, vitamins, or minerals. Anything left over by and by this process is considered waste product (feces) and is then excreted from the body via the anus, whichis attached to the colon. Reference gentleman Digestion Activity. Retrieved August 21, 2009 fromhttp//corptrain.phoenix.edu/axia/sci241/sci241-digestivetract.html